Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

呋喃磺草酮原药中主要杂质的结构鉴定及其合成

针对HPPD除草剂呋喃磺草酮原药生产中产生的3个质量分数均大于0.1%的主要杂质,通过高效液相色谱、核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱对3个杂质的结构进行了结构鉴定,发现其中2个为未见文献报道的化合物。结合生产工艺对杂质产生的路径进行了分析,并成功进行了合成。该研究对呋喃草酮原药质量控制和安全产生具有重要意义。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117菌株对韭蛆体内几种酶活性的影响

为明确苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117对韭蛆幼虫蛋白酶和解毒酶活性的影响，测定比较了感染Bt后幼虫体内胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶的活性。首先采用室内生物活性测定方法明确了菌株JQD117对韭蛆3龄幼虫72 h的LC₅₀为2.8070×10⁷cfu/mL，然后采用10×LC₅₀、1×LC₅₀和0.1×LC₅₀三个浓度饲喂感染韭蛆幼虫，定期取样测定韭蛆体内5种酶活性，结果表明以较高浓度（1×LC₅₀和10×LC₅₀）感染韭蛆幼虫后体内蛋白酶和解毒酶活性变化较大，而以低浓度（0.1×LC₅₀）感染韭蛆幼虫后体内蛋白酶活性变化较小。其中，以1×LC₅₀和10×LC₅₀浓度感染韭蛆幼虫后，胰蛋白酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在24~36 h和6~60 h与对照相比均显著升高；类胰凝乳蛋白酶和羧酸酯酶活性在6~60 h与对照相比均受到显著抑制。以0.1×LC₅₀浓度感染韭蛆幼虫后，胰蛋白酶活性只在36 h时与对照相比显著升高；乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在12~48 h时与对照相比显著升高；羧酸酯酶活性只在6 h与对照相比受到显著抑制；类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性与对照相比均无显著变化。谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性在三种感染浓度下与对照相比均无显著变化。可见，感染JQD117对韭蛆体内蛋白酶和解毒酶活性均产生了不同程度的影响，且随感染浓度的升高而增强，扰乱了韭蛆正常的生理代谢和对外源毒素的分解，本文为Bt防治韭蛆应用和开发提供了理论指导。     

Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia,China

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above- and below-ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.     

重组酶聚合酶等温扩增技术在动物源性成分鉴定中的应用

在打击肉制品掺假走私、维护市场秩序、保护野生动物资源等方面,对动物源性成分鉴定技术的特异性、灵敏性、重复性提出了很高的要求。本文阐述了动物源性成分的检测鉴定技术,有多样性和局限性的特点。归纳了重组酶聚合酶恒等温扩增技术原理与应用,解决了PCR技术在仪器上的局限性,优化了早期恒温扩增技术的缺点。指出重组酶聚合酶恒等温扩增技术为动物源性成分的快速准确鉴定提供了坚实的技术基础,并在动物疫病诊断方面也有很好的应用前景。     

道路草花景观对驾驶人员红灯敏感度的影响

近年来,随着对城市道路景观构建的重视,道路绿化、彩化景观愈发优美和引人注目。该文基于152份有效问卷,研究对比分析了3种道路灌-草层的绿化形式(绿篱式、50%草花覆盖式及100%草花覆盖式)对有驾驶经验的受访者红灯敏感度的影响。结果显示,相对于绿篱式道路绿化,草花式道路绿化会造成受访者红灯敏感度降低;女性比男性的红灯敏感度高,但更易受草花干扰;25—45岁年龄段受访者对红灯的敏感度和抗草花干扰能力比18—25岁及45岁以上受访者高;相对于偏好草花式绿化的受访者,偏好绿篱式绿化的受访者有更高的红灯敏感度和抗草花干扰能力。建议应尽量避免在事故易发地段大面积应用颜色艳丽的草花进行道路绿化。     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致；随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。     

基于非接触式的牛只身份识别研究进展与展望

快速精准确定牛个体身份对疾病防控、品种遗传改良、奶制品和肉制品质量溯源以及改善农业假保险索赔等方面具有重要意义。传统的牛个体识别使用诸如烙印、耳纹、耳标和无线射频识别等方法，易遭受设备损失/工作重复、标记欺诈、动物福利安全以及监测成本和距离等方面的挑战；而基于生物特征的非接触识别由于其独特性、不变性、低成本易操作以及动物福利高，成为牛身份识别的新趋势。主要介绍了几种基于非接触式的牛身份识别的研究进展，重点关注牛脸识别的最新成果，讨论当前牛脸识别在实际应用中面临的挑战，在此基础上对深度学习在牛脸身份识别研究中的应用进行了设计构思与展望。     

一例湖羊纤维素性肺炎的病理组织学观察

为探究四川省某养殖场湖羊患病情况,以1只发病湖羊为例,研究观察病羊临床症状、解剖变化,采用H.E.染色方法分析病羊实质器官病理组织学变化,并从病羊中分离出菌株Z-1,采用生理生化、16S rDNA基因测序对其鉴定,采用腹腔注射对菌株Z-1进行动物回感试验,纸片扩散法对菌株Z-1进行药敏分析。结果表明:患病羊病症有高热、剧烈咳嗽并伴有喘气,口鼻周围可见黄色浓稠分泌物;解剖变化为多个实质器官明显肿大、充血,肺脏充血、颜色暗红,切开有血样泡沫状液体流出;病理组织切片可见肺、肝、脾等组织细胞肿胀、充血、出血,肺泡腔和细支气管中有大量粉红色纤维素性渗出物,炎性细胞浸润;菌株Z-1为革兰氏阳性菌,乳糖、七叶苷和山梨醇等生化反应呈阳性反应,木糖醇、甘露糖和蜜二糖等生化反应呈阴性反应;16S rDNA基因目的片段长度为1 428bp,与菌株NR_026471的相似性达到98%,综合鉴定为链球菌;动物回感试验表明该菌株对小鼠具有很强的致病性;药敏试验表明该菌株对氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和庆大霉素等敏感,对氨苄西林、青霉素和拉氧头孢等耐药。综上,该病湖羊患链球菌感染的纤维素性肺炎。